Catching an Online Poker Cheater with Data Mining

by Nathan Danforth on Friday, February 29, 2008 · 27 comments

in Best of Simple Complexity, Data Mining, Statistics, Visualization

My good friend, who has made a successful second career out of professional poker online and live, alerted me to this incredible story. As you may have noticed, Internet poker experienced a surge in participation as The World Series of Poker on ESPN grew mainstream popularity.

Until recently, all online poker players had complete trust in the poker site they frequented… that there couldn’t possibly be cheating.

Then…. it happened.

A real cheater.

Stealing money from legitimate players.

Lots of money! Like half a million dollars!

How were they able to catch the guy? If you said Data Mining and/or Statistics…. go ahead and pat yourself on the back. Check out Absolute Poker Cheats Compatible Poker to get the full version… or read on for the basics.

I’ll start with how they caught the guy.

Poker Cheat - Outlier

The graph above shows 5,251 players who have at least 500 hands recorded.

The vertical axis shows Voluntarily Put Money Into Pot Percentage. The horizontal access shows win rate, in the form of big blinds per 100 hands. The red dot in the top right corner is the cheater, who is winning at a rate of 15 standard deviations above the mean.

Poker Cheat Outliers graph 2

The graph above charts the same statistics as the first graph (VPIP vs BB/100) but only for players who have played between 500 and 800 hands.

Our best estimate is that the chances of this happening is somewhat similar to an individual winning a million-to-one lottery six consecutive times.

Here’s the story…The Basics:

Recently, one operator, called “Absolute Poker” appears to have been allowing cheating to take place on their site. In short, it appears that certain player accounts are able to view the supposedly hidden cards of other players. In a game of poker it is impossible to beat someone who knows with 100% accuracy what cards you have!

Shortly after a recent software upgrade at Absolute Poker, several accounts with suspicious names and identical maniacal playing styles sat down at the highest-stakes games offered there, where tens of thousands of dollars change hands every hour.

Amazingly, the top online pros all lost money to these players, at an incredibly fast rate. Since these pros understand poker and statistics better than you or I, they used various software tools to analyze how they could have fared better against these maniacs.

They came to the same conclusion: the only possible way these maniacs could have won money is if they could see their opponent’s cards.

If you’re at all interested in the story, I have a complete timeline and account of how the cheater went about setting up false accounts, hacked into the system, and managed to siphon hundreds of thousands of dollars from legitimate poker pros. I’m not posting it here as it’s too long and a little off topic but submit a comment and I’ll hook it up.

UPDATE: I HAVE POSTED THE EXTENDED STORY IN THE COMMENTS…. ENJOY!

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Category and Tags

This post filed in the following categories:

  • Best of Simple Complexity - The best posts of Simple Complexity as judged by the post authors.
  • Data Mining - Data mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns from data typically using sophisticated data search capabilities and statistical algorithms.
  • Statistics - Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data.
  • Visualization - Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message.

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Comments

{ 27 comments… read them below or add one }

1 Aman Gupta Monday, March 3, 2008 at 7:55 pm

I’m interested, please do tell.

Reply

2 Jeff Monday, March 3, 2008 at 11:44 pm

I’d definitely like to hear more of the story.

Reply

3 Andreas Fuchs Tuesday, March 4, 2008 at 5:13 am

I’m very interested in hearing the whole story, too.

Reply

4 Nathan Danforth Tuesday, March 4, 2008 at 10:28 am

A lot of people are interested in this topic… so I decided to post the story here if it fits:

Okay, so I didn’t completely “solve” the whole AP mess. After all, nobody has received any compensation, nor has Absolute even admitted that any sort of fraud even occurred.

However, some recent damning evidence has come to light that has allowed me to put together a complete start-to-finish re-creation of the crime. The newest development again involves the POTRIPPER tournament. Thanks to a blunder by support, one of the players in that tournament accidentally received an Excel spreadsheet containing the hole cards, IP addresses, AP account ID numbers, and e-mail addresses of most players in the tournament. Nat Arem of pokerdb.com analyzed it, and came up with the following new conclusions:

1) POTRIPPER was initially placed at Table 13. He folded his first few hands.

2) About 2 1/2 minutes into the tournament, a railtard opened up Table 13. This railtard had a Costa Rican IP address, which is where AP is located. The ID number of this account was 363 — a number so low that it probably pre-dated AP’s opening to the public.

3) Account 363 stayed at Table 13 for the entire duration that POTRIPPER was there.

4) POTRIPPER started cold-calling every hand as soon as Account 363 showed up.

The Excel spreadsheet is incomplete. Not all hands are listed, and not all users are listed. However, the part that has been seen has been authenticated by several players in the tournament, according to those on 2+2, and it is generally accepted as being legit.

Obviously, given the Costa Rican connection, as well as account #363 being involved, it is now clear that this was an inside job, as opposed to being perpetrated by outside hackers.

===================================================================

Given the above, as well as everything else that has come to light over the past 2 months, I now have competely pieced together this entire situation. I will outline it below, in “timeline” format:

Sometime in 2003 or 2004: Absolute Poker’s software is under development. Several hundred test accounts are created during the development and QA process. Among them is account #363, which is a superuser account. Account #363, unlike the others, has the ability to see hole cards at any table it opens. This can be an important tool during the testing process, as the developers can quickly and easily see that the pots are being shipped to the correct people. Of course, Account #363 is not actually registered to anyone, nor is it ever enabled to play in real money games. It exists strictly for “visual” purposes, and only used during the testing and development process.

Sometime between AP’s opening and the middle of 2007: Four totally unrelated accounts are opened by four differnet people in different areas of the United States. GRAYCAT likes Limit Hold ‘Em, but he isn’t particularly good at it. He takes a few shots at the game, but is outclassed by his opponents and busts. He finally gives up on the site and stops logging in. The same happens with STEAMROLLER, who plays both Limit and NL. Again, he’s a donk who plays some here and there, is never too active, but is active enough for a few people to remember him. Like most donks, he chunks off one too many buyins and is done with AP. DOUBLEDRAG, who likes NL, has a similar story. He plays a number of times, yet can’t seem to consistently win and eventually busts. POTRIPPER enjoys tournaments, but he just isn’t catching the right cards or making the right moves. Like the other three, he goes donk down and tries his luck elsewhere. These four guys are not cheaters. They aren’t friends. They have never met, rarely (or never) played in the same game, and each had a different focus on the type of poker they liked to play. However, they all have one important thing in common: They were donks, lost their money, live in the United States, and have apparently not logged into their AP accounts for at least a few months.

July or early August, 2007: AP is in the process of a major software upgrade. One of the programmers, who lives locally in Costa Rica, stumbles upon account #363. He realizes how much money one could make by exploiting this little test account at the highest games the site has to offer. He realizes that this would need to be done carefully, as much suspicion will be placed upon a new account that inexplicably crushes the best players in the world. This rogue programmer comes up with the following plan of action:

1) Take over legitimate (but now inactive) accounts on AP. This can easily be done at the server side of AP, by simply changing the password of such accounts. He looks for an inactive, losing Limit player and comes up with GRAYCAT. When searching for an NL counterpart, he finds DOUBLEDRAG. He sees the apparently abandoned POTRIPPER with a history of losing tournament play. Finally, he finds an all-purpose account, STEAMROLLER, who has a (losing) history in all three areas. The password to all four accounts is changed, and they are now in the possession of the rogue programmer. The actual owners of the accounts are not likely to find out, as they seem to have already given up on AP.

2) Plan to play short sessions at the highest limit games with each of these accounts. Log onto account 363 on another computer, opening up the table where you’re playing, so as to see everyone’s hole cards. Don’t multi-table, as there is a lot of information to see at once, and this will be too hard to manage. Regarding game selection, stick to the area of interest previously shown by each account. GRAYCAT will stay at Limit, DOUBLEDRAG will play primarily NL, etc. Don’t win too much at one sitting, and don’t stay for too long. Come up with excuses such as, “Time for dinner” when abruptly leaving.

3) When winning pots, act excited in chat, saying things like “Yes!” or “All right!” when winning. This will make you look like a maniac-type donk who is giddy about winning thanks to freak luck.

4) Get friends and relatives involved, preferably those who might already have accounts on AP. Have them deposit some money to get started, even if you need to front it to them.

5) You cannot use GRAYCAT, STEAMROLLER, DOUBLEDRAG, or POTRIPPER to cash out, since they are still registered to innocent, legitimate players in the United States! That’s where the friends and relatives will come into the mix. After winning a lot of money on GRAYCAT, STEAMROLLER, DOUBLEDRAG, and POTRIPPER, play against these friends/relatives heads up, and dump all the winnings. Make sure that each friend/relative plays a different cheat-account heads up, so as to not arouse suspicion. GRAYCAT will play SUPERCARDM55 and lose badly. DOUBLEDRAG will drop his entire roll to REYMNALDO. STEAMROLLER and POTRIPPER will also play different friend/relative accounts and, like the other two, will lose everything.

6) Cash out of the friend/relative accounts. Enjoy the hundreds of thousands of dollars stolen from the top online poker players in the world.

Mid-late August, 2007: The plan actually goes into effect. It happens to start just a few days before the major software upgrade is complete. There is particular reason to begin on this day, but rather is just an arbitrary date that the rogue programmer decides to begin the operation.

Late August, 2007: Plan is proceeding well. A lot is being won, but never too much in one sitting. Even heads up, the cheater restrains himself and keeps the winnings relatively moderate. Still, after numerous very successful short sessions, he is now up in the multiple six figures. The first chip dump operation commences. GRAYCAT drops 55k to SUPERCARDM55 at a 200-400 Limit heads-up table. For the benefit of anyone watching this supposed drubbing, “GRAYCAT” constantly laments his terrible luck, but overacts a bit. SUPERCARDM55 plays one session the next day, loses a few thousand, intentionally, and never plays again. He initiates a cashout.

Early-mid September, 2007: Greed takes over. The money is rolling in so easily, and nobody seems wise to what is going on. GRAYCAT starts to absolutely destroy people both heads-up and full ring. DOUBLEDRAG does the same at NL, often calling huge all-in bets with as little as king-high, if it’s the best hand at the moment. POTRIPPER plays his now-infamous tournament on the 12th, blatantly taking advantage of what he sees under account 363 without concern about later scrutiny. The STEAMROLLER account is brought into the NL and Limit games to try and take some suspicion off GRAYCAT and DOUBLEDRAG. In the meantime, DOUBLEDRAG dumps 300k+ of his winnings to fellow Costa Rican friend REYMNALDO. REYMNALDO initiates a cashout shortly thereafter.

September 16, 2007: Perhaps greed isn’t always good. People start remarking in chat that they are suspecting cheating. As a cover-up attempt, DOUBLEDRAG plays NL again, this time intentionally LOSING every hand. While a decent amount of money is lost in this session, it’s a drop in the bucket compared to what has been won, and is in fact a necessary evil for damage control.

September 17, 2007: The accounts in question are frozen by AP, pending an investigation. It is unclear whether the cashouts of SUPERCARDM55, REYMNALDO, and other recipients of chip-dumping were successful.

====================================================================

There you have it. I strongly believe that the above is VERY close to what actually happened. If the full story ever comes out, you’ll see how close the above is to the actual truth.

Strangely enough, I believe that the actual owners of GRAYCAT, DOUBLEDRAG, POTRIPPER, and STEAMROLLER are innocent. I remember seeing the cities of GRAYCAT and STEAMROLLER, who both played Limit, before the update. (They eliminated the ability to see cities after the update.) Both lived in the U.S. I remember STEAMROLLER being from Miami and GRAYCAT being somewhere further north, like Chicago.

There is a myth that the cheating began after the update. This is not true. I saw cheating occur a few days BEFORE the update. I believe the only part the update has in this whole thing is the fact that it allowed this rogue programmer to go through the AP software and stumble onto the existence of account 363. Account 363 has clearly existed since the beginning. This was not a vulnerability brought on by any recent software change.

I also believe that, before greed took over, the guy behind this was more careful. Near the beginning of the whole thing, in mid-late August, he kept things more moderate. He lost some hands on purpose, and he never killed anyone heads up too badly. For example, GRAYCAT beat me for 6k heads up at 200-400, then quit the game and insulted me from the rail. Obviously he did this to keep things in moderation, not due to any fear of losing to me. This differs from what he did later, such as when he slammed STEREOFLAVAS for 28k in an hourlong September heads-up match. The POTRIPPER tournament was also executed highly carelessly, but again he was probably blinded by greed at this point.

I believe that the guy playing all accounts was one person. I also believe he had a second computer logged into superuser account 363. I think that the only time he invovled others was for chip-dumping. I am relatively certain that you will find SUPERCARDM55, REYMNALDO, and the other dump recipients with Costa Rican addresses, while the four accounts used to cheat all have U.S. addresses.

Also, keep in mind that the cheater simply needed to open account 363 at the right table on a second computer in order to see the hole cards. I am certain that POTRIPPER, GRAYCAT, STEAMROLLER, and DOUBLEDRAG were not special or superuser accounts, and were just like any other account on the system. Perhaps AP support simply looked at these accounts themselves and stupidly determined that no cheating went on. More likely, however, they know what happened and are covering it up.

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5 Sports Betting Blog Saturday, March 8, 2008 at 2:02 pm

Very interesting approach to catching cheaters, it’s also surprising that AP didn’t catch them earlier. After all credit cards have certain fraud filters that block the card from being used if its got a funny spending streak, shouldn’t casino software have the same features?

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6 3 wisemen Friday, April 11, 2008 at 5:26 pm

Ap Poker was behind it all.this type thign been going on various sits at differnt levels for a very long time.

Many have bought this to attention. But was accused of lying or being a losing player. Ie made well over 20k. If you win to much on a poker site they red flag you. They use programers to target better hands. They stoop to any level. Most are criminals .Alot have records. Online poker is a complete scam. And anyone thinks otherwise is a sucker. IF you win like i do. They target you. Take much they can from you. The truth is the truth.

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7 Poker Spielen blog Wednesday, April 16, 2008 at 9:33 pm

Very interesting approach to catching cheaters, it’s also surprising that AP didn’t catch them earlier.

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8 Fire Monday, May 5, 2008 at 10:04 am

Good to see people understand the complex dealings with online poker. It is very much a scam though there are people behind closed doors who are watching you and praying on you. I have played 3 yrs off off online poker an have not won to much because of this scam. There is some one on poker sites who see that you win alot and make it to that you end up losing every hand possible believe me Ive seen it for my self. To beat this act please contact me for further intstuctions or just reply here. Thanks. Fire

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9 lee Tuesday, April 6, 2010 at 11:33 pm

yes i would greatly appreciate any advice you have on this issue. i go through entire sit/gos getting sometimes 1 or 2 premium starting hands and others are getting great cards!

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10 kevin Tuesday, June 3, 2008 at 1:55 am

i’ve noticed a lot of times after cash outs i cant seem to win a sitgo no matter what i have , i cashed out today and haven’t got in the money 6 straight games now and i’ve noticed that before , maybe it’s just me but i’m interested to know if anyone has same feelings.

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11 Jeremy Tuesday, July 22, 2008 at 8:16 pm

I am a new poker player and wonering just how many hours per week people play? I probably play 2 hrs a night online.

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12 Debbie Saturday, August 9, 2008 at 5:31 pm

I feel that there are cheats on every poker site. I reported someone I believed to be cheating and the response was “he seems to have a run of good cards”. He only played in hands he won – come on – no one is that good. I made the mistake of not asking for a hand history. But right after I reported this I had a day that I could not lose no matter what. I find it extremely hard to be consistent in winning – even by playing by the NL books on best hands only. I have often wondered how the people who do win large amounts do in more than once – maybe the sites help them out a little bit so they will be representatives – spokemen for the site. Anyone else feel this way???

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13 Poker Terms Blog Saturday, August 16, 2008 at 1:02 pm

In response to what Debbie wrote, I wonder that as well. I’ve seen a lot of the same players (I take detailed notes) win consistently with bad hands and amazing suck-outs. At the same time it seems these players never loose large pots.

I don’t doubt that a lot of these companies have independent audits performed, but just as you scrub your teeth really good before a dentist visit, you could probably scrub your servers really well.

All-in-all, I do think that a lot of the bad wrap taken by online poker sites is due to the larger number of hands than live rooms, so you see more suck-outs and crazy hands.

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14 BH Tuesday, March 10, 2009 at 3:51 pm

It really is a huge scam. I can’t begin to count the number of times that Pokerstars or Fulltilt has bad beat me. An then on the very next hand whatever I fold comes out on the flop. I have been rivered holding bit pairs a million times after betting hard. I have lost quit a bit of cash but the best way to win is not to play on-line.

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15 Michael Josem Thursday, March 19, 2009 at 12:06 am

Hi,

I created the graphs and did the datamining referred to in this post.

Disappointingly, I see that there have been a number of people here who have commented that they think there is widespread cheating – It’s my very definite view that this is not the case.

This situation *proves* that if there is cheating, it can be *proven* through proper analysis.

The anecdotes that other people have contributed in the comments here are no such proof, because their comments are based on feelings (and a lack of self criticism to acknowledge their own weaknesses as poker players). Rather than accept that their poker skills might be flawed, they blame other mysterious forces to avoid taking personal responsibility.

If you can “feel” that a site is rigged, then it should be reflected in the statistics. If it is so obvious to you, then it should be easy to prove.

The Absolute Poker case demonstrated that if you follow the evidence, it is possible to prove misbehaviour.

Anyone who’d like to discuss this further can email me at michael@michaeljosem.com.

regards,
Michael
P.S. In the interests of disclosure, subsequent to my involvement in the discovery of misbehaviour above, I was employed by PokerStars to help keep their games secure. I obviously wouldn’t work for a business who I did not respect, and am confident that their games are legitimate with a truly random shuffling technique.

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16 Jake / Handgrabber.NET Sunday, May 10, 2009 at 12:22 pm

I find it very curious that an article that clearly demonstrate one of the “correct” ways of detecting whether on a blog about information complexity still gets people chipping in with their thought about how they think that they have been the target of foul play, without a shred of concrete data.

There were problems on some sites, but that doesn’t mean that you have a free license to throw away all self critique in regards to your own play.

You always remember the times where you got unlucky better than the times where you got lucky.

Just think about this:
What were your 3 biggest bad beats?
What were the 3 biggest bad beats you have put on someone else?

Most people can come up with detailed stories about the bad beats they have suffered themselves, but easily forget the times they have put bad beats on someone else.

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17 Neal_L Friday, June 5, 2009 at 9:03 pm

One of the issues we deal with all the time with our customers is the fact that many people make decisions/evaluation intuitively rather than based on quantitative analysis.

So what is the implication of that:

Well one, it is an opportunity for companies/individuals to improve their performance. It also is something that people who build data analysis systems need to take into account.

People do not like when their assumptions are proven incorrect. Sometimes this work feels like selling pain.

Thanks for your thoughtful comment, Jake.

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18 Neal_L Friday, June 5, 2009 at 8:59 pm

Thank you so much for your comment. Interesting addition!!!

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19 catalyst411 Wednesday, August 12, 2009 at 4:00 pm

Yes, im interested in further instructions–Online Player

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20 Ace King Monday, August 17, 2009 at 1:18 am

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5119802n CBS news america story on this episode… if not available in Aus try youtube.

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21 Chris NY Wednesday, August 19, 2009 at 10:15 am

I found this investigation very interesting. Now I know there are more deals online then in a live game, I also know that bad beats happen, BUT. I also notice in Tournements that the big stack wins on average 8 out of 10 all ins with mine or anothers big hands coming from behind, and I’m no math expert but the odds of that happening so often do not seem close to right. I also seen a few blogs and a good youtube video that tracked the tournements, and SNG’s to find they all finish close to the same time, how is that possible? Shouldnt a 10k player tournement be much longer then a 1000 player tournement? I mean how often can the large stack catch his trips, runner, runner FH, and Flushes, just any hand that one ups the smaller stack the majority of time? Please let me know your thoughts, the sites that I am refering to that happens more often are FT and UB.

Chris…

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22 Chris NY Wednesday, August 19, 2009 at 10:27 am

I also have to add that I have been on the other end plunty of times where I am the big stack, and I just cant lose till there is a table change in a tournement. Also if someone were to do a study it is most obvious in tubo or satellites.

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23 feintpoker Tuesday, September 8, 2009 at 2:02 am

a

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24 feintpoker Tuesday, September 8, 2009 at 2:36 am

here’s the deal. I’ve played online poker for a little over five years on absolute poker. for a whole year. About once a month, I would buy in 100 dollars and in that whole year the highest my account got up to was around 250. Every single time I would be on a consistent road heading upward till that road turned upside down. I kept getting online and would constantly hear people say that there is no possible way for the site itself to cheat. So the next year rolled around and still up till that point had never cashed out. After seeing this consistent pattern I decided to make myself a spread sheet. Comparing % rates on flush,straight, 3 of a kind, and so forth. let’s fastward a year later. I took the data and % rates did not match what so ever. The only reason I didn’t have a problem is because I finally hit a big tourny. In the past, I would finish in the payout all up till this point. Throught the whole tourny about 75% of my hands were dominate. no 7-3 or 2-8 for me buddy. aa,kk,ak,j10,910….you get my point. Well i finally cashed out and next thing i know im losing again up till about my 4 deposit then it turns right back around. I’ve seen it for myself but although the stats dont match up I still will have unbelievable luck as long as I buy in enough. It’s getting so bad now that I am getting tired of seeing this process that alot of people on the internet call,,a bad spell or something along those lines. If you are new to online poker beware to spend some time and money on there before you even think of cashing out. I have atleast 20 friends I have referred to absolute never seen a single dime and not a single one of them have yet to cash out.. conspiracy? and may I add that they have bought in more than once…good luck to the biggest online scandel of all times. the crazy thing is, is that the people that even work for the companies arean’t even aware of this. These online sites pay people to use search engines to promote and denounce any questions what so ever, that have to do with cheating online. Take heed and do not, I repeat, do not ever put more money on there than you can afford.. and be ready to see some things you will never in real life ever see. here’s a list of true stories thats happend to me and some of my friends online.
1. I’ve seen a royal flush back-to-back heads up games.
2. First hand in a 50 dollar heads up flopped the ACE-high flush only to find out that my opponent flopped the straight-flush. First hand remember that part of the story also.
3. I’ve lost 38% with aa in heads up, and I got that % over a years time period.
4. I don’t have time to name everyone of the worst beats I’ve ever encounterd but I will leave you guys with this last story. My recent roomate just started playing online. He got up to 400 dollars from 100 in about a week. He played a cash game and flopped quad 8’s. bet pot, guy called, turn he bet triple pot, river came and lets just say the other guy won a 400 hand with his pretty straight flush. haha, this happend to him within a week and half of his first deposit. Someone please leave me some feedback if anyone can relate thanks.

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25 james caskey Tuesday, October 20, 2009 at 8:45 pm

I too would like to read more…
Thanks

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26 brian (boston) Sunday, January 10, 2010 at 5:43 am

All i got to say is this boo freakin hoo. Bad sht happens when you gamble. I dont gamble im an (unknown) professional poker player and thats how ill keep it. I have won both online and live at a consistant rate. This Ap scandal was done by a dirty stinking loser who somehow found a retarded account created by ap that should of been destroyed after they finished working out all the kinks in their site. Ap and now unfortunately ub are awful sites to play on once a cheating site always a cheating site. Tilt forget about it the odds of beating them fish is reidculous. Now we come to pokerstars, best site of all if your a good player with skill pokerstars is a very beatable site. The bad beats are awful i know. But let me ask this QQ vs A10, QQ limps button i check bb flop comes 10 8 4 rainbow i bet pot he calls. hit my ace on turn i bet pot again reraised minimum i 3 bet, river comes blank no one improves i move all in for 70bb get called by QQ and then have 2 hear a 30 min cry for win about how i 3 outtered the donk. I ask you was this hand a bad beat or not the right answer means your 1 skill ahead of a donk lol. And in closing great job on the story very thorough. Great read

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27 Todd Tuesday, March 16, 2010 at 10:49 pm

I’ve got a better way to catch a cheater any tournament poker player will not see ninety percent of Flops if you have a player in any room in any tournament online or in a casino or other wise such is my experience on the following poker sites. Carbon Poker, Ultimate bet, and Full tilt. Unfortunately in this country, Honor, Fair play, and Integrity is laughed at and mocked because many parents either don’t have the time to teach it to children, or simply believe that why should I play fair when I can cheat. Poker After Dark on NBC is a good way to see how High Stakes works and how professionals play this game. ESPN has also started airing NAPT. I simply wish for a poker site to get it right. Fair play ring games would be awesome as well as a tournament. Thank you for this illuminating article.

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